Дослідження економічної сутності та змісту поняття «інновація»

Abstract

Встановлено, що інновація – це результат інноваційної діяльності, який відображений у вигляді наукових, технічних, організаційних чи соціально-економічних новинок, отриманий на будь-якому етапі інноваційного процесу та впроваджений в сучасну практику господарювання. Виконано порівняльний аналіз визначень понять «інновація», «винахід», «відкриття» та «нововведення». Визначено їх спільні та відмінні риси. Узагальнено підходи щодо класифікації інновацій. Визначено 13 їх класифікаційних ознак та з’ясовано 39 їх типів.

Определено, что инновация – это результат инновационной деятельности, который отражает научную, техническую, организационную или социально-экономическую новизну, полученный на каком-либо этапе инновационного процесса и внедренный в современную практику хозяйствования. Выполнен сравнительный анализ определений понятий «инновация», «изобретение», «открытие» и «нововведения». Определены их общие и отличительные черты. Обобщенны подходы к классификации инноваций. Определены 13 их классификационных признаков и выяснены 39 их типов.

On the edge of ХХ-ХХІ centuries humanity entered innovation age, characterized by rapid increase of changes in every area of social life. It is the time of science intensive technologies, fundamental science progress, large-scale scientific and technological projects. In such conditions society modern development and human activity resources become innovation activity. Consequently innovations become important tool of all radical changes in human development and economic system generally. Innovation direction of domestic economy development defined in Law of Ukraine “About innovation activity” dated 04.07.2002 № 40-IV, Law of Ukraine “About priority line of development of science and technology” dated 11.07.2001 № 2623, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine decree dated 14 of May 2008 №447 “About Government confirmation of special-purpose economic program “Creation of innovation infrastructure in Ukraine” in 2009-2013 years”. Innovations cause constant economic changes, assist dynamic growth and rise of effectiveness as economic system in general, so separate enterprises. That is why theoretical propositions related to essence and content of such terms as “innovation” “invention”, “discovery” “introduction” are representing significant scientific interest. It was defined in the work, that innovation – is a result of innovation activity, represented as scientific, technical, organizational or socioeconomic novelties, gotten at any step of innovation process and adopted in modern management practice. Comparative analysis of “innovation”, “invention”, “discovery”, “introduction” terms definition is made in the work. Their common and distinctive features are identified. Character of novelty is referred to common features. To distinctive features between “innovation”, “invention”, “discovery”, “introduction” terms referred next facts: innovation can have improving and modifying character not only in technological field, but in organizational, social and others. Secondly, it is necessary step of adopting innovation in production and getting different effects, commercial firstly. Thirdly, innovation has applied character. Approaches to innovation classification were generalized in the work. 13 its classification features were defined and 39 its types were identified. To innovation classification features were referred: scope of application; satisfying demands character; subject and scope of application; technological paradigms, used in innovation; radicalism level; intensity (depth of innovation changes); reasons of appearance; novelty level, character of influence on market and technological opportunities; area of distribution; place and role in the production process; importance; influence on production process. Innovation application to the modern management practice will allow to improve management methods, production and labor organization forms in dependence of innovation type. Secondly, it will allow to develop stimulation and regulation systems of innovation activity. Thirdly, it will direct production and economical activity to the innovation path of development. It will further productivity and effectiveness of financial and economical activities in the conditions of indeterminacy.