Сельские кустарные промыслы Верхнего Поволжья в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ вв. (к вопросу о многоукладности экономики дореволюционной России)

Abstract

Показаны причины возникновения различных промыслов в Верхнем Поволжье, их распространение и изменения, происходившие в мелкой промышленности на селе в пореформенный период. Цель данной статьи – выяснить степень распространенности сельских кустарных промыслов в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ в. в одном из регионов страны – Верхнем Поволжье.

Висвітлені причини виникнення різноманітних промислів у Верхньому Поволжі, їх поширення і зміни, що відбулися в дрібній промисловості на селі в пореформений період. Мета даної статті – вияснити ступінь поширення сільських кустарних промислів наприкінці ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. в одному з регіонів країни – верхньому Поволжі.

The degree of prevalence and evolution of rural handicrafts after the serfdom abolition in the three provinces of the Upper Volga region (Vladimir, Kostroma and Yaroslavl) is shown in the article. The interrelation between prevalence of handicrafts and general industrial development of the district is revealed. Among branches of the handicrafts in the Upper Volga region the leading place belonged to textile crafts, crafts connected with wood and metal processing. The facts given in the article testify that process of replacement by large-scale industry of the rural handicrafts occurring in the post-reform period was the difficult multivector occurence. At the general orientation to absorption by factories of rural handicrafts this process also had other direction. Not all handicraft production was forced out by the factory. In some cases manufacturing production promoted emergence and development of new crafts in the village. As a whole, the small-scale production was very steady. It was closer, than large-scale production, to the consumer and was quite often more quickly adapted to the market and fashion requirement. It allowed the rural handicraftsman to find his place in the market economics. The analysis of the condition of handicraft production based on materials of one of Russian regions testifies that at the beginning of the XX century small-scale way of production played an essential role in the Russian economy.