Військовий табір Коблеве та західний кордон хори Ольвії римського часу

Abstract

Статтю присвячено результатам перших археологічних досліджень римського військового табору поблизу с. Коблеве на лівому березі Тилігульського лиману, а також публікації наративних і картографічних джерел щодо нього, створених дослідниками й топографами середини ХІХ ст. Аналіз матеріалів робіт 2021 р. дозволив у загальних рисах відтворити конструкції укріплень табору і датувати їх існування другою половиною І ст. н. е. Зроблено висновок, що цей об’єкт входив до системи загальної оборони хори Ольвії римського часу, яка складалася не з лінійних оборонних споруд (валів із ровами, як вважалось раніше), а із системи укріплень окремих міст та поселень і військових таборів-фортів, зведених біля найважливіших магістральних доріг.

In the article the results of the first archaeological investigations of the Roman military camp near Kobleve village on the left bank of the Tylihul estuary are highlighted. According to the extensive analysis of narrative and cartographic sources of the 19th century, it was possible to clearly determine the location of this camp and introduce it into the system of Roman period field fortifications on the territory between the Buh and Tylihul estuaries. The analysis of the obtained materials made it possible to partially reproduce the construction of the camp’s fortifications and outline the period of its operation in the second half of the 1st century AD. Considering the chronology of amphorae finds (light clay with double-barreled handles) and historical events, namely the combined campaign of T. Plautius Silvanus' troops to Chersonesos, it can be stated that the Kobleve camp, like other similar monuments in the region, was built in the third quarter of the 1st century AD. It should be noted that this object was part of the general system of protection of the Olbian chora during Roman times, which did not consist of linear defensive structures (ramparts with ditches, as it was previously believed), but of a system of fortifications of individual cities and settlements and military camps-forts erected near the most important highways. It should also be emphasised, that the Kobleve Roman fort and similar camps (Didova Khata III and Kamianka V) were located near high mounds with traces of fortifications on them. The camp with the mound formed a single observation and defense complex, which was responsible for the protection of certain sections and junctions of the main roads (in particular, the Road of the barbarians), crossings, as well as the northern borders of the Olbian polis of Roman times, at least from the third quarter of the 1st to the beginning of the 2nd centuries AD. After the stabilisation of the political and military situation in the region during the second half of the 1st century AD, the chora of Olbia had began to expand. In addition to other factors, the appearance of numerous plaques with dedications to Achilles Pontarchus, including along the Road of the barbarians in the area of Kobleve village, serve as markers of this. It testifies to the restoration of Olbia’s influence on these territories around the beginning of the 2nd century AD and the establishment of the western border of its chora along the left bank of the Tylihul estuary. Perhaps the influence of Olbia had spread further west. Finally, we emphasise that the field studies of the Kobleve Roman military camp are promising (to establish the planigraphy of the monument, the stratigraphy of the remains of the rampart and the ditch, as well as the identification of building remains inside its area).