Статтю присвячено дослідженню споруд різноманітного призначення, які входили до складу
давньоруських садиб-дворів, виявлених під час археологічних розкопок на території Копиревого кінця
у місті Києві.
On the territory of ancient Kyiv from the end of
the X century are fixed numerous farmsteads and
separate mansions, which belonged to princes, boyars,
merchants, artisans and ordinary inhabitants, formed
separate residential and economic complexes, which
included both residential and various outbuildings,
usually surrounded by fence. Some of the farmsteads
located outside the city fortifications had their own fortifications.
After analyzing the features of the ancient
Rus’ buildings of the Kopyrev kinec’, the following became
clear.
Construction of this area begins with the construction
of a fortified farmsteads at its highest point — on the
street Sichovyh Striltsiv, 12 (beginning of the XI century).
After that, down the slope — on the land on the
street Kudriavska, 24A there is a significant number of
production facilities that served the needs of the inhabitants
of the boyar farmstead. Ferrous iron smelting and
processing were carried out here, there were facilities
for drying sheaves, a smokehouse, as well as a tar pit. At
the next stage, most flammable industries disappear in
the middle of the XI — first half of the XII century and
in this area there are separate farmsteads of ordinary
inhabitants, whose main occupation was a variety of
crafts: iron processing, bronze casting, making various
things from bronze, possibly making jewelry.
The richest was the farmstead «Б», which had an
area of up to 1200 m2 and was protected on all sides by
a fence in the form of a strong fence. There were up to
20 residential, industrial and outbuildings in its area.
In the central dwelling of this farmstead they were not
engaged in handicrafts, but around it there was a considerable
quantity of industrial premises. Most likely,
this farmstead was owned by either a merchant or a
fairly wealthy artisan.
Farmstead «B» was smaller in size: ≈1000 m2. About
20 objects were recorded on it. Here they were engaged
in smelting and processing of bronze, as well as the
manufacture of various iron products. The manufacture
of bronze and iron products was carried out in the
central living space, and the smelting of bronze — at
some distance from the living area. This farmstead
could belong to a middle-class artisan who probably
participated in the production processes.
The smallest and poorest was the farmstead «A».
Its area was about 800 m2. Here lived an artisan, who
most likely engaged in smelting and processing of
bronze products, most likely — in a special workshop,
which was located next to the house.
In addition, on the territory of modern Lvivs’ka
Square there was a farmstead with a central building
of log construction, around which there were outbuildings.
Pottery and metalworking workshops could function
here.
Thus, the probable sequence of settlement of the
territory of the Kopyrev kinec’ from chaotically located
flammable productions to house-building was traced.
The inhabitants of the farmsteads were quite clearly
divided by property status, but in all estates the main
occupation was handicraft.
