Готелі Чернігова у переформатованому житловому просторі 1920-х рр.

Abstract

У статті окреслено шляхи вирішення житлової кризи 1920-х рр. у рамках поступового переформатування міського простору. Визначено категорії населення, які першочергово потребували житла (окрім городян, які втратили помешкання, – військові та нові категорії населення, які виникли внаслідок екстремальної повсякденності, зокрема, безпритульні). Зосереджено увагу на дослідженні місцевої специфічності житлового простору Чернігова у післяреволюційний період; охарактеризовано подальшу долю готелів, їх функціонування; окреслено проблематику співіснування релігійного та радянського просторів і, як наслідок, – оцивільнення культових споруд у межах нової рамкової дійсності та антицерковної політики, а також шляхи витіснення монастирського простору.

The article is devoted to the problems of the housing space in Chernihiv in transformed local space in 1920s. Military action of 1917-1919 led to the crisis of all structures of everyday life. Chernihiv was suffered too. The local housing stock was ruined. Soviet power should know all the answers. There was more than one way to solve the problem of housing demand: the redistribution of the housing fund with the confiscation of the apartments of the expropriated categories; the eviction from the apartment; the flatshare (the reduction of numbers of the living space) and the accommodation in the abandoned houses, the owners of which left Chernihiv after the establishment of the Soviet power. The problem of housing demand was solved by checking into deserted local hotels. However, it was not enough, so they began to receive any vacant rooms or evicted flats (one square meter for one person). The policy of redesigning of former prerevolutionary buildings has begun. In particular, it was subject to the religious colleges. They were closed in order to provide housing for soldiers (in the context of housing crisis it was the excuse for the liquidation of the religious colleges as the part of antireligious policy). Taking into consideration the housing crisis and empty State treasury only five of the nineteenth prerevolutionary hotels continued to work. The others were transformed into the Soviet organizations. In the mid-1920s the cost of accommodation was depended upon the number of services. In the private hotels average room rate were higher. The reformatting of the housing fund had a great impact on the religious space of Chernihiv. After the liquidation of two Chernihiv monasteries in 1921 all their buildings were transformed into Soviet organizations (except the cathedrals). On the former Holy Trinity monastery two children’s homes and the home for the disabled were open. On the Yeletskyi monastery the kindergarten and the «hotel» were organized. Consequently, in the effort to overcome the crisis of all structures of everyday life the direction of urban existence was defined. As the result, most of the buildings has been changed the primary functional profile.