Про західнобалтські типи фібул з могильника Острів

Abstract

Статтю присвячено двом типам фібул із жіночих поховальних комплексів західнобалтського могильника Острів у Пороссі. Подано характеристику предметів, їх типо-хронологічну атрибуцію та супутній археологічний контекст.

The article is devoted to the research of two types of brooches from the Ostriv burial ground in Porossia (Middle Dnipro River region). The morphological characteristics of the objects, the type and chronological attribution and the accompanying archaeological context are considered. In general, seven penannular brooches with connected star-shaped terminals and four ring brooches with ribbed bows were discovered during the first seven years of research at the Ostriv burial ground. All the brooches were recorded in female burials, except two items found in the cultural layer and one brooch with a controversial archaeological context. Together, they make up 23 % of all the clasps found at the territory of the cemetery or 27 % of the brooches discovered in the burial complexes of the necropolis. These types of ancient pins now make up 52 % of women’s burials with brooches. Penannular brooches with connected star-shaped terminals can be divided into two subtypes — larger ones with seven transverse ribs and surface coating with white metal, and slightly smaller ones with six ribs. The damaged brooch from the burial no. 100 stands out for its massiveness and could contain eight or nine decorative ribs, but the item is fragmented, which does not allow clarifying its specific features. Brooches with ribbed bows can also be divided into two subtypes: two items are larger and have twelve decorative ribs on their surface, and two more specimens are slightly smaller and contain seven transverse ribs on the front side. Among the latter two variants can be distinguished — with a concave semicircular and a simple semicircular section of the case. Significantly, the penannular brooch with connected star-shaped terminals and the brooch with ribbed bows with a surface coating of white metal were found in rich burials with neck-rings of the Totenkrone type. Therefore, it is possible to emphasise the probable connection between the objects, the production of which was more time-consuming, with the social position of the deceased during their lifetime, and probably with the chronological factor. Furthermore, only these two types of fibulae among all the categories of jewellery and clothing elements discovered at this necropolis now reliably testify to the long-term habitation and high-quality repair of the objects. In addition, the general features of the repair do not differ from technological receptions within the mother regions of migrants. In conclusion, penannular brooches with connected star-shaped terminals and brooches with ribbed bows had been widespread in the Baltic region during the 11th—12th centuries. However, they were most typical for the population of the South- East Baltic, the medieval Prussians, from whose area they spread among other Baltic, Finnish and Scandinavian people due to trade connections and/or resettlement of groups or individuals within the region (migration of warriors, marriages, etc.). Finally, these types of brooches in the absolute majority of cases are found in the burials of men, mainly in two-tiered cremation burials with a horse and weapons in burial complexes on the territory of the Sambi Peninsula and its adjacent territories. Sometimes such items occur in women’s and children’s burials outside the Prussian area, but they are still more numerous in men’s complexes. Such a contrast of the Ostriv burial ground with synchronous Baltic burial sites seems very interesting, however, conducting a detailed comparative study of the costumes of representatives of the Baltic enclave in Porossia and the female population of the Sambia Peninsula is extremely problematic. The reason is almost absent separated women burials of the 8—13th centuries in the range of the Prussians, because of their dependent social position in this tribe. Thus, it is still impossible to establish whether the materials of the Ostriv burial ground reflect (at least partially) the traditions of medieval Prussian women’s clothing, or whether the composition of the costume underwent significant changes due to migration. The location of these types of brooches in burial complexes in most cases indicates their direct use in a costume to fasten outer clothing — woollen cloaks or capes. However, other provisions are also recorded, which may be related to this population’s peculiarities of burial practices.