Дослідження літописного городища Чорнобиль у 2004—2020 рр. Результати, підсумки та перспективи

Abstract

Стаття присвячена результатам досліджень літописного городища Чорнобиль та його околиць в період 2004—2020 рр. Коротко представлені матеріали розкопок, на основі аналізу яких зроблені висновки, що надають змогу вважати городище укріпленим форпостом Північної Київщини з міським укладом життя. Позначені перспективи подальших досліджень літописної пам’ятки та засади щодо її збереження як об’єкту культурної спадщини.

Chernobyl was mentioned in Ipatievsky Chronicle in the 1193 for the first time. In 2003 the location of the chronicles Chernobyl was identified by archaeological research. During 2004—2020 the area of 360 m2 was excavated, another 30 m2 was partly explored and inhibited. As a result of the works the cultural layer since the late Stone Age till the modern times has been found. The cultural layer of the pre-chronicle period of Old Rus Chernobyl from the end of the tenth century is fixed. More than 300 archaeological objects, many artifacts and fauna remains were found. There the considerable number of artifacts of the «city» type is represented: martial arrowheads, locks and keys, the elements of horse harness, pieces of window-sill, stylus, a huge number of decorations of glass and metal. About 50 % of osteological remains belong to the wild animals such as taurus, bear, deer. Such findings make it possible to consider Chernobyl confidently the border fortress with an urban lifestyle, founded not later the late tenth century by the end of the eleventh century. It became the important and probably the main fortified outpost of the Northern Kyiv region which controlled the river route to Kyiv from the North. In the last years of the excavations of settlement the task was to find fortifications and study them. As a result, in 2017 at the most likely location of Old Rus defensive structures, the double moat of the XI—XII centuries was recorded. As a result of exploration on the territory of modern Chernobyl and in its outskirts in 2016—2020 two settlements of the XI—XII centuries and four localities of Old Rus ceramics were found. In 2020 during the study of the Lelev settlement the cultural layer of the twelveth century was recorded. In the close future it is necessary to recognize the structure of fortifications and take the necessary activities to protect the chronicle archaeological point.