Let R be a ring with an endomorphism σ. We introduce (σ, 0)-multiplication which is a generalization of the simple 0- multiplication. It is proved that for arbitrary positive integers m ≤ n and n ≥ 2, R[x; σ] is a reduced ...

Let Xn = {1,2,…,n}. On a partial transformation α : Dom α ⊆ Xn → Im α ⊆ Xn of Xn the following parameters are defined: the breadth or width of α is ∣ Dom α ∣, the collapse of α is c(α) = ∣ ∪t∈Imα{tα⁻¹ :∣ tα⁻¹ ∣≥ 2} ∣, fix ...