Квартирне питання в українських містах у 1917–1920 рр.

Abstract

У статті розкривається житлова проблема, з якою зіткнулися українські городяни в період громадянської війни. Вказано чинники, що впливали на її загострення. Наводяться докази можливості для деяких мешканців міст самостійно поліпшити житлові умови. Багато уваги приділено впливу втрати постійного місця проживання на індивідуальну та суспільну психологію. Автор робить висновок, що квартирне питання вкрай загострило і без того хворобливу травму, завдану суспільству подіями революції та війни.

В статье раскрывается жилищная проблема, с которой столкнулись украинские горожане в период гражданской войны. Указаны факторы, влиявшие на ее обострение. Приводятся доказательства возможности для некоторых жителей городов самостоятельно улучшить жилищные условия. Много внимания уделено воздействию утраты постоянного места проживания на индивидуальную и общественную психологию. Автор приходит к выводу, что квартирный вопрос обострил и без того болезненную травму, нанесенную обществу событиями революции и войны.

The article deals with the housing problem faced by Ukrainian citizens during the Civil War. The factors influencing its aggravation are described. The main causes of the deepening housing crisis are named: The decline of public utilities made many homes unsuitable for living; Refugee flows to the big cities which led to a shortage of rental housing; The destruction of the housing stock in the result of the fighting. During the every relative stabilization of the situation speculations in apartments and houses began. Businessmen were trying to save their savings from inflation by investing in the real estate. Great success was not only the transformation of depreciating money into any building, but also a timely selling of the building until the next change of power. The evidence of possibility for some urban residents to improve their living conditions on their own are given. Most often this improvement was relative, and meant the construction of temporary accommodation made of auxiliary materials, or digging the dugout. However, there are lots of archival evidence about the construction of stone houses, conducting electricity and water. However, these activities were carried out using the pre-war stocks of materials. Much attention is paid to the effects of the loss of permanent residence on individual and social psychology. This impact was especially evident in the large cities. On the one hand, the owners of apartments raised the price, hoping to earn on increased demand, on the other hand immigrants gradually lost their buying power, and were forced to put up with overcrowding and lack basic conveniences. People get used to the poor living conditions, refusing from many things they need before. During the constant moving the former lifestyle was lost, the culture of urban life vanished. The position of those who remained in the same place was no better. The threat of housing shares or home requisition made the inhabitants indifferent to the order, comfort and serviceability of household decoration. The vast majority of the population literally survived, and went down to very primitive forms of everyday existence. The author concludes that the housing problem has aggravated an already painful society trauma from events of the revolution and war.