До походження гривні

Abstract

У статті розглядається проблема походження слов’янської гривні. Звертається увага на стародавні та середньовічні зернові та земельні міри Ірану, Кавказу та інших країн Передньої Азії. Їх аналіз дозволяє припускати, що першопочатки слов’янської гривні походять від східної хлібної міри «gryw» («grîw», вірм. «gryv») чи їх похідних. І зернова міра передувала усім іншим: мірі ваги, грошового знаку, прикрасі.

The article is devoted to the problems of the Old Slavonic grivna. The word is present in all Slavonic languages and associates with decoration, weight and monetary unit. Many researchers link word a grivna as derived from animal mane. Study of the Persian, Caucasian and some other East writings and archeological sources of the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD (T. Nöldeke, H. Hübscmann, J. Harmatta, A. Manandyan, W. Hinz, A. Bivar, H. Martirosyan and other) has allowed to select many variant off this word, how corn measure and land measure. This measure is fixed in Old Persian, Middle Persian, Armenian, Georgian, Parthian, Arabic and other languages (grb, grbn, grϊβa, griv, grїw, garib, jarib and other). Grb (graβi, basket) is present in Aramaic-Egyptian document and is dated near 310 BC. How corn measure, the word was widespread in the Achemenid and Sasanian Empire. Attested as Armenian corn measure in the Anania Sirakaci, 7th century (9.782 kg, 1.5 modius, a unit of measurement), links with garw-o-y, barley. However, in Greek version inscription of Šāpur I (240—271), the word can be correspond to 9.32 litres (A. Bivar). Griv as corn measure is fixed on Caucasus in the end of the 1st millennium — beginning of 2st millennium AD. Special attention is spared to geographical terminology, in East Europe word griva are spread for mountain territory and area of land. Obviously, griv-modius how a corn measure preceded to grivna-decoration, to grivna-weight and to grivna-monetary unit in the Slavonic territories. The Eastern Europe in the end of 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium AD was a territory of agrarian economy, and corn measure defined all others: capacity, length and square, weight measures and monetary units.