Особливості збереження пам’яток архітектури спільного використання з церквою

Abstract

У статті наведено особливості та досвід спільного використання з церквою пам’яток Національного заповідника «Софія Київська» (Софійський собор, Трапезна, Андріївська та Кирилівська церкви).

Providing the necessary microclimate parameters is quite a challenge for any museum space. Especially for places of worship and ancient temples. According to Ukrainian and European standards, the preservation of the interior and the enclosure structures in places of worship (monuments) is a priority compared to creating comfortable conditions for visitors and staff of the museum, which must be taken into account when operating the building. The temperature and humidity mode (hereinafter THM) in the monuments is set according to the current standards: relative humidity φ = 50±5 %, air temperature t = 18±2ºC. Safe relative humidity limits for non-air-conditioned premises are 50–65 %. For preserving and safe use of monuments it is obligatory required to observe the following permissible limits of daily fluctuations: t up to 2ºC and φ up to 5 %. But it should be noted that in case of joint use of monuments – during worship services, these indexes increase due to the moisture brought in by visitors, which leads to deviation from the norms. There are four cult architecture monuments of joint museum and church use in National Conservation Area «St. Sophia of Kyiv»: St. Sophia Cathedral, Refectory, St. Andre's and St. Cyril's churches. St. Sophia Cathedral is an architectural monument of the beginning of the 11th century, the oldest and the main temple of the country. According to the conducted researches, providing the existing system of ventilation and heating with long-term adaptation of the building to the conditions of operation, the THM should be within: in the cold season t = 14–16ºС, φ = 45–55 %; in the warm season t = 20–22ºС, φ = 50–60 % In addition, there should be no more than 150–200 people in the warm period and 100–150 people in the cold period in the Cathedral at the same time. Church services are held relatively rarely in St. Sophia's Cathedral, but in almost every case there are negative consequences of using the monument. Thus, both mechanical damage to the walls and the floor and disturbance of the THM within the Cathedral were observed during the ceremony of presentation of Tomos (December 15, 2018) and the Metropolitan Epiphany's Enthronement (February 3, 2019) with a large gathering of equipment and people (about 700). Fluctuations in temperature Δt of 2.7ºС and relative humidity Δφ of 21.4 % were recorded. Therefore, considerable condensation was formed on the windows of the 1-st and 2-d floors as a result of a sharp increase of humidity in the Cathedral. Disfunction of the modes contributes to the deterioration of the microbiological condition, which is poses a threat and leads to the reproduction of already identified fungi and bacteria dangerous for monumental painting. St. Andrew's Church is a landmark of Kyiv, a monument of architecture of the mid-18th century. The author of the project is the famous architect B. Rastrelli. The monument is currently undergoing the process of restoration, including the significantly damaged interiors – through the ruthless use of the monument by the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) since 1992. During the period of joint use in the cold (January- February) and spring transitional (March–April) periods of the year, when a significant number of church services (Christmas, Baptism, Easter) were held, the relative humidity inside the building increased to 70 % and more, and daily fluctuations were Δt up to 2.5°C, Δφ up to 16 %, which is much higher than the current norms. Repeatedly in St. Andrew's Church there were 1) violations of sanitary standards (dirt, candle stumps, wax on church inventory, marble floor, interior items; 2) soot (use of cheap paraffin candles), distortion and peeling of the paint layer on the icons; 3) peeling of the colorful layer on the walls, scuffs and soot on the iconostasis carving; 4) violation of fire regulations - burning of candle buckets, protective rugs. According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 2018, after restoration St. Andrew's Church will be in joint use of the Conservation Area and Orthodox Church of Constantinople. In 2019, «The regimes of use of St. Andrew's Church» have been developed and approved by the Ministry of Culture. This document contains information about additional conditions of the church operation in case of using it as a place of worship, it provides for a limitation on the number of visitors and parishioners to 50 people at the same time and a prohibition on the use of candles in the interior of the church. St. Cyril's Church – a monument of architecture of the 12th century – and Refectory (Warm Sophia) – a monument of architecture of 18th century – are also used in conjunction with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow and Kyiv Patriarchates. Here it was possible to maintain more comfortable conditions for keeping the microclimate inside the temples. In St. Cyril's Church the services are held on weekends and holidays without candles, in the Refectory (authentic painting is not preserved) – daily with a small number of candles and with a limited number of people.